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Blood Spatter Analysis,[object Object]
Blood-spatter Pattern Analysis or Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation(BPA/BPI),[object Object],Reconstructing events that must have happened to produce bleeding,[object Object],Requires BPA specialist,[object Object]
Blood Pattern Reconstruction,[object Object],Scene Pattern Reconstruction,[object Object],1.  Stain condition,[object Object],2.  Pattern,[object Object],3.  Distribution,[object Object],4.  Location,[object Object],5.  Directionality,[object Object],Lab Results Reconstruction,[object Object],1.  Genetic marker typing,[object Object],2.  Age determination,[object Object],3.  Source determination,[object Object],4.  Race determination,[object Object],5.  Sex determination,[object Object],—From Cracking Cases by Dr. Henry C. Lee and Thomas W. O’Neil,[object Object]
Blood Spatter Evidence,[object Object],A field of forensic investigation that deals with the physical properties of blood and the patterns produced under different conditions as a result of various forces being applied to the blood. Blood, as a fluid, follows the laws of physics.  ,[object Object]
Know Characterization of Bloodstains,[object Object],Is it blood?,[object Object],What species did it come from (human or animal)?,[object Object],If it’s human, can it be associated with a particular individual?,[object Object]
People of Historical Significance,[object Object],Paul Kirk (1902–1970) was a professor of criminalistics and biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley. He actively assisted law enforcement organizations from 1935 to 1967. His book Crime Investigation contained a chapter in which he discussed the application of bloodstain pattern analysis to criminal investigations. Dr. Kirk analyzed the bloodstain pattern photos from the Sam Sheppard case and was instrumental in Sheppard’s release after his second trial. Find out more about the case at truTV’s Crime Library.,[object Object]
Blood Droplet Characteristics,[object Object],A blood droplet remains spherical in space until it collides with a surface.,[object Object],Once a blood droplet impacts a surface, a bloodstain is formed.,[object Object],Droplets falling from the same height, hitting the same surface at the same angle, will produce stains with the same basic shape.,[object Object],How will the shape change as the height is increased or decreased?,[object Object]
Conditions Affecting Shape of Blood Droplet,[object Object],Size of the droplet,[object Object],Angle of impact,[object Object],Velocity at which the blood droplet left its origin,[object Object],Height ,[object Object],Texture of the target surface,[object Object],[object Object]
On a rough surface—will produce scalloping on the edges ,[object Object]
Bloodstain Terminology,[object Object],Angle of impact—angle at which blood strikes a target surface,[object Object],Bloodstain transfer—when a bloody object comes into contact with a surface and leaves a patterned blood image on the surface,[object Object],Backspatter—blood that is directed back toward the source of ,[object Object],	energy,[object Object],Cast-off—blood that is thrown from an object in motion,[object Object]
Bloodstain Terminology, continued,[object Object],Contact stain—bloodstains caused by contact between a wet blood-bearing surface and a second surface that may or may not have blood on it,[object Object],[object Object],      with a particular object,[object Object],[object Object],     have blood on it,[object Object],[object Object],     bloodstain, altering the appearance of the original stain,[object Object]
Bloodstain Terminology, continued,[object Object],Directionality—relates to the direction a drop of blood travels in space from its point of origin ,[object Object],Terminal velocity—the greatest speed to which a free-falling drop of blood can accelerate in air. It is dependent upon the acceleration of gravity and the friction of the air against the blood—approximately 25.1 feet/second.,[object Object],[object Object]
   Medium velocity—5 to 25 feet per second
   Low velocity—5 feet per second or less,[object Object]
Impact,[object Object],The more acute the angle of impact, the more elongated the stain.,[object Object],90-degree angles are perfectly round drops; 80-degree angles take on a more elliptical shape.,[object Object],At about 30 degrees the stain will begin to produce a tail.,[object Object],The more acute the angle, the easier it is to determine the 		direction of travel.,[object Object]
Bloodstain Patterns,[object Object],The harder and less porous the surface, the less the blood drop will break apart.,[object Object],The softer and more porous the surface, the more the blood drop will break apart.,[object Object],The pointed end of the bloodstain faces the direction of travel.,[object Object]
Area of Intersection and Convergence,[object Object],The location of the blood source can be determined by drawing lines from the various blood droplets to the point where they intersect. ,[object Object],The area of convergence is the point of origin—the spot where the “blow” occurred. It may be established at the scene by measurement of angles with the use of strings.,[object Object]
Blood Evidence,[object Object],Class evidence for blood includes blood type. If you can determine the DNA, you will have individual evidence.  ,[object Object],Bloodstain patterns are considered circumstantial evidence in a courtroom. Experts can argue many points, including direction of travel, height of the perpetrator, position of the victim, left/right hand, whether the body was moved, etc.,[object Object]
Once it’s determined to be human, it must be protected as part of the crime scene,[object Object],BPA specialist will determine what POSITION and SHAPE indicate,[object Object],Measurements are taken to determine TRAJECTORY and DISTANCE,[object Object],Controlled experiments,[object Object],Uses surface materials similar to those at the scene,[object Object]
Herbert Leon MacDonell,[object Object],Leading authority on bloodstain interpretation,[object Object],Tips for investigators,[object Object]
“It is possible to determine the impact angle of blood on a flat surface by measuring the degree of circular distortion of the stain.  In other words, the shape of the stain tends to change depending upon the angle of impact, which caused the stain.  For example, the more the angle decreases, the more the stain is less circular and longer.”,[object Object]
“Surface texture is one of the key components in determining spatter type.”,[object Object],Harder surface=less spatter,[object Object],Important to duplicate surface in a controlled test,[object Object]
“When a droplet hits the surface, which is hard as well as smooth, the blood actually breaks apart upon impact.  This in turn creates smaller droplets.  The smaller droplets will continue to move in the same direction as the original droplet.”,[object Object]
Smaller the size of spatter=greater energy required to produce spatter,[object Object],Low, Medium, and high velocity impact spatter may be identified by representative sizes (but exceptions must also be considered),[object Object],Diameter of large blood spatter will be of little or no value in estimating the distance a drop of blood has fallen prior to impact.,[object Object]
When considering the shape of a blood stain for use in calculating its angle of impact, only a sharp, well-defined blood stain should be used for measuring its width and length,[object Object],Directionality of a blood drop while in flight is usually obvious from the geometry of its resulting blood stain,[object Object],The pointed end indicates direction of travel of the drop prior to impact on a surface,[object Object],Direction of travel may also be determined when edge scallops only appear on one side of the stain,[object Object]
Before a drop of blood can fall, absent of any form of applied energy, gravitational attraction acting on blood drop must exceed its surface tension,[object Object],Surface texture of material on which blood falls onto MUST be taken into consideration in BPA,[object Object]
Edge characteristics of drop have no value in establishing distance a drop may have fallen prior to impacting a surface  unless the nature of the surface is considered,[object Object],Surface tension prevents spattering,[object Object],Regardless of distance a drop has fallen before impacting a smooth, hard surface such as glass,[object Object]
A few blood stains do not make a pattern,[object Object],Draw conclusions with reservations and/or qualifications,[object Object],It is ok to admit that there is insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion from BPA,[object Object],No opinion is better than an incorrect, forced opinion,[object Object]
When a dozen or more small bloodstains are present in a recognizable pattern, their size may allow for prediction as to the energy that was required to produce them,[object Object]
When the preponderance of individual bloodstain diameters are less than 1mm, they are consistent with having been produced as the result of high velocity impact (most often shooting),[object Object]
When the preponderance of individual bloodstains are 1mm or more in diameter, they are consistent with having been produced as the result of medium velocity impact (most often beating or stabbing),[object Object]
The shape of a bloodstain is a function of the angle at which it hits/impacts the surface,[object Object],Perfectly roundninety-degree impact/drop angle,[object Object],Angle of impact of elliptical drop may be determined using length to width ratio of the drop,[object Object]
Blood stains may be lifted of the surface of which they have impacted,[object Object],The smoother and harder the surface is, the easier it is to lift the stain,[object Object]
When measurements and angles are used to establish the origin or origins in space, not only will the actual origin be somewhere below the point or points of convergence, but it must be remembered that the investigator is determining a specific area and not a small point of origin,[object Object]
Sobriety of the victim will have NO significant effect on how the blood stain patterns are produced,[object Object],High blood alcohol level is of no concern to the interpretation of bloodstain patterns,[object Object]
When blood is projected upward with sufficient force to strike a ceiling, it will almost always be a result of a gunshot  having an upward trajectory,[object Object],Such a trajectory is more often the result of a suicide rather than a homicide,[object Object]

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Blood spatter analysis ppt

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